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Lecture: MBModule14-2w
http://redwagontutorials.com/HandoutsM/Module14/1stOverhead28b.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/HandoutsM/Module14/ExperimentGrade2.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/HandoutsM/Module14/FormalReport2d.htm
http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Geology/Ocean/misc/Geo108_lec24_biological_distribution.pdf
1. _______________ is an important physical
factor in determining where deep sea organisms can live.
Pressure is
an important physical factor in determining where deep sea organisms can live.
2. T or F:
The pressure factor increases with depth.
True: The pressure factor increases with depth.
http://www.extremescience.com/DeepestOcean.htm
3. The deep sea is divided into three zones
based on the amount of pressure they experience. What are they?
http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00116/diagram.htm
a. the bathypelagic zone
b. the abyssopelagic zone
c the hadalpelagic zone.
4. In the deep sea there is no light so
organisms do not need ________________.
In the deep
sea there is no light so organisms do not need countershading.
http://www.oceanlight.com/countershading_photo.html
5. T or F:
The organisms found in the deep sea are generally purple and have orange
spots.
False: The organisms found in the deep sea are
generally grayish and have either small eyes or none at all.
6. Most creatures at these depths are
bioluminescent, but their photophores are not located on their ________________
side like mesopelagic creatures.
Most
creatures at these depths are bioluminescent, but their photophores are not
located on their ventral side like mesopelagic creatures.
http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04deepscope/background/deeplight/media/fig3c.html
7. In the deep sea even less what is available
than what is present in the mesopelagic?
In the deep
sea even less food is available than what is present in the mesopelagic.
8. Most organisms are therefore very
______________ and move _______________.
Most
organisms are therefore very small and move slowly.
9. T or F:
There are no vertical migrators from the deep sea because the epipelagic
is too far to travel.
True: There are no vertical migrators from the deep
sea because the epipelagic is too far to travel.
http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Faculty/Mmoore/research_zooplankton.html
10. Most creatures in the deep sea have four
physical attributes in common. What are
they?
a. have small muscles
b. weak skeletons
c. no swim bladders
d. large mouths to eat whatever prey they find.
http://people.whitman.edu/~yancey/fish.html
11. Many deep sea creatures have the ability to
produce both _________________ and ________________.
Many deep sea
creatures have the ability to produce both eggs and sperm.
12. What is the term for organisms that has both
male and female?
The term for
organisms that produce both egg and sperm is hermaphroditic.
http://www.marinebiology.org/fish.htm
13. Being hermaphroditic helps the organism how?
These individuals
can mate with any other member of their species, making it easier to find a
mate.
14. ________________ _______________ is where the male of a
species attaches to a female and draws nutrients from her.
Male
parasitism is where the male of a species attaches to a female and draws
nutrients from her.
15. How do both individuals involved in male
parasitism benefit?
Both
individuals involved in male parasitism actually benefit – the male gets
nutrients and the female will always have a mate.
16. Larvae from deep sea organisms cannot exert
enough what to travel where there are large populations of plankton?
Larvae from
deep sea organisms cannot exert enough energy to travel where there are large
populations of plankton.
http://deepseanews.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_archive.html
17. T or F:
Larvae from deep sea organisms develop inside mom for protection.
False: Larvae from deep sea organisms develop in
large eggs with lots of yolk to feed them until they can feed on bigger
creatures.
18. It is difficult to study what because they
live at great depths under great pressure?
It is
difficult to study deep sea creatures because they live at great depths under
great pressure.
20. Scientists observe deep sea creatures by
using what two devices?
Scientists
observe these organisms by using deep water cameras and submersibles.
http://www.extremescience.com/howdeep2.htm
21. It is easier for organisms to find what on
the deep sea floor?
It is easier
for organisms to find food on the deep sea floor because any food that sinks
past a pelagic organism is forever lost to it.
22. On the sea floor, food collects there until
it is _______________.
On the sea
floor, food collects there until it is found.
http://deepseanews.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_archive.html
23. Most fishes that feed on the bottom area have
what?
Therefore,
most fishes that feed on the bottom area have large, muscular bodies to
presumably be able to search wide areas looking for food.
24. T or F:
On the deep sea floor, clams break down the non-readily digestible
skeletal remains.
False: On the deep sea floor, bacteria break down
the non-readily digestible skeletal remains.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/abyss/life/extremes.html
25. _________________, the largest animal group
in this area, feed on both the bacteria and the broken down material, making
the nutrients available to the rest of the deep sea food chain.
Meiofauna,
the largest animal group in this area, feed on both the bacteria and the broken
down material, making the nutrients available to the rest of the deep sea food
chain.
http://hooge.developmentalbiology.com/
26. T or F:
Overall, deposit feeders dominate this zone, as opposed to suspension
feeders.
True: Overall, deposit feeders dominate this zone,
as opposed to suspension feeders.
http://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/deposit_feeders.html
27. An interesting occurrence among many species
of deep sea creatures is that of _______________, in which an organism grows to
an extreme size.
An
interesting occurrence among many species of deep sea creatures is that of
gigantism, in which an organism grows to an extreme size.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/exploring.html
28. Gigantism is difficult for scientists to
explain, why?
As a general
rule, deep sea organisms are smaller because the scarcity of food should make
it hard for a large creature to survive.
29. T or F:
Hydrothermal vents have black smokers as a result of precipitation of
mineral rich vent water which includes calcium carbonate.
False: Hydrothermal vents have black smokers as a
result of precipitation of mineral rich vent water which includes hydrogen
sulfide.
http://people.whitman.edu/~yancey/califseeps.html#3
30. Hydrothermal vents are much warmer in
temperature and are located where?
Hydrothermal
vents are much warmer in temperature and are located at fast spreading oceanic
plates.
http://www.ocean.udel.edu/deepsea/level-2/geology/vents.html
31. ________________ _______________ have white smokers as a result
of precipitation of mineral rich vent water which includes light-colored
dissolved zinc sulfides.
Cold seeps
have white smokers as a result of precipitation of mineral rich vent water
which includes light-colored dissolved zinc sulfides.
http://people.whitman.edu/~yancey/califseeps.html
32. T or F:
Cold seeps are cooler in temperature and are located at on fault lines.
False: Cold seeps are cooler in temperature and are
located at slow spreading plate areas.
33. Both hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
support what kind of organisms?
Both
hydrothermal vents and cold seeps support deep sea chemosynthetic communities
by bringing up chemical nutrients for chemosynthetic bacteria.
http://www.resa.net/nasa/ocean_methane.htm
34. T or F:
Most recently, it was discovered that, despite the lack of sunlight,
photosynthesis does occur in the deep
sea.
True: Most recently, it was discovered that,
despite the lack of sunlight, photosynthesis does occur in the deep sea.
35. To perform photosynthesis, hydrothermal vents
produce ________________ radiation, the emission of infrared light, which can
be used for this process.
To perform
photosynthesis, hydrothermal vents produce blackbody radiation, the emission of
infrared light, which can be used for this process.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent
36. The photosynthetic creatures are very
efficient in their ability to collect the few what emitted from blackbody
radiation?
The
photosynthetic creatures are very efficient in their ability to collect the few
photons of light emitted from blackbody radiation.