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Lecture: BModule01-1w
http://redwagontutorials.com/HandoutsB/Module01/1stOverhead01.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/HandoutsB/Module01/2ndOverhead.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/HandoutsB/Module01/3rdOverhead.htm
http://www.apologiascience.com
http://redwagontutorials.com/HandoutsB/Module01/BModule1SG.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/SampleInformalReport.htm
http://redwagontutorials.com/FormLabB.htm
The four criteria for life are:
a. All life forms contain deoxyribonucleic acid, which is
called
b. All life
forms have a method by which they extract energy from the surroundings and convert it into
energy that sustains them.
c. All life
forms can sense changes in their surroundings and respond to those changes.
d. All life
forms reproduce.
1. According to Dr. Wile,
all live forms contain what?
2. A mule is a cross between
a male ass (a jackass) and a female horse (a mare). It is usually sterile. This means it cannot produce offspring. Is the mule alive?
Yes. A mule, although small
has the potential to reproduce. The
equipment is there to reproduce but the cells/gametes necessary to make it
happen are few and far between.
3. A virus is composed of genetic material (sometimes
Virus -- http://tolweb.org/Viruses/5
http://redwagontutorials.com/HandoutsB/Module01/Virus1B.htm
No. A virus is non-living
matter for two reasons: (1) It has no potential to reproduce on it own and (2)
it has no way to extract energy from its environment without the host cell.
4. A Euglena has an eyespot
which allows it to sense light and respond to the light. Is the Euglena living? Why?
http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb101/lab6_protists/r6a1euglena.html
Yes. It has the ability to
sense change in its environment and respond to it.
I point these organisms out to you to demonstrate the incredible
diversity of live on earth and how carefully things like Dr. Wile’s criteria
need to be applied. Taken too literally
Mrs. R and I would be considered non-living because we have never
reproduced. I guarantee you she and I
are living………..although some of you may not think so by now.
http://www.south-seas-adventures.com/Gallery/South_Pacific_Beaches_1/image002.htm
5. The process by which a
living organism takes energy from its surroundings and uses it to sustain
itself, develop, and grow is called what?
Metabolism
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookGlyc.html
a. Anabolism is
the sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple
chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary
for life
b. Catabolism is
the sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to
produce energy and simple chemical building blocks
6. Were does the process of
metabolism begin?
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpegMod/PIA03149_modest.jpg
It begins with the sun. The
sun releases energy in the form of photons which travel to earth at the speed
of 300,000,000 meters/sec or 6 trillion miles in one year (one light year).
7. The process by which a
plant uses energy of sunlight and certain chemicals to produce its own food is
called what?
Photosynthesis.
In photosynthesis, six water molecules and six carbon dioxide
molecules in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight become one glucose
molecule and six oxygen molecules.
8. There are two words given
in your text that signify an organism that makes its own food. What are they?
Producers or autotrophs
9. Heterotrophs are
organisms that depend on other organisms for food. What are the two kinds mentioned in your
book?
Consumers and decomposers
http://redwagontutorials.com/HandoutsB/Module01/Figure1.2.htm
10. There are three kinds of
consumers listed in your book. What are
they and what do they eat?
Herbivores are organisms that eat plants exclusively
Carnivores are organisms that eat only organisms OTHER than plants.
Omnivores are organisms that eat both plants and other organisms
11. Plants are
autotrophs. Are they carnivores or omnivores? Are they producers or consumers?
Plants are producers; therefore the words carnivore or omnivore do
not apply.
12. I have an article about
a lion that WILL NOT eat meat. This animal would literally starve to death
before it would eat meat. It only eats
oats, grain, etc. Is it an omnivore,
carnivore, or herbivore?
http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v22/i2/lion.asp
Herbivore.
Because this animal has been bred to only eat meat and will never eat
meat, it is a herbivore.
13. Can you name some
omnivores other than humans?
Many: apes, turtles, cranes, ostriches, many crabs, raven,
songbirds, foxes, iguana, etc.
14. A fungus is a
decomposer. Would you classify it as an
omnivore or carnivore?
http://www.pbrc.hawaii.edu/bemf/microangela/cheese.htm
Neither. Fungi and certain
bacteria are decomposers and not consumers.
15. Are decomposers autotrophs
or heterotrophs?
They are heterotrophic in that they cannot produce their own food
but under the classification scheme in your book they have a separate division
under heterotrophs. Remember the two
divisions of heterotrophic organisms are (1) consumers and (2)
decomposers. Fungi fall into the
latter. (There is a better word for them
which we will learn in module 2. They
are called saprophytes.)
Anyone confused? (open blank page)
16. Are there any living
organisms that have no receptors?
No. They may not have nerve
cells but even single cell bacteria can sense a change in their environment and
respond to it.
17. Do humans asexually
reproduce?
On a cellular level, yes, they do.
The cells of your body are constantly reproducing themselves. In fact your whole body, with the exception
of your brain, is regenerated in about one year’s time. Nerve cells are the exception. They are very slow to reproduce if they do at
all. That is why it is so important you
protect your brain cells. You literally
have a limited number of these!
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/cellcerebell.html
18. Can you see an advantage
to asexual reproduction, in terms of the survival of a species? What about a disadvantage?
In asexual reproduction, there is no need for a partner; hence, no
chance for genetic disorders being pasted.
What is in the parent will be in the offspring.
A disadvantage is that there is no partner; hence, no exchange of
genetic material. If the parent has a
mutation, the mutation will be in the offspring. There is no chance of getting a bad trait out
in asexual reproduction.
19. Can you see an advantage
to sexual reproduction, in terms of the survival of a species? What about a disadvantage?
An advantage is that there is a partner; hence, exchange of genetic
material. If one parent has a genetic
defect, there is a chance of getting a bad trait out of the gene pool in sexual
reproduction.
In sexual reproduction, there is a need for a partner; hence, there
is a chance for genetic disorders to be passed. For example, if both parents have the trait
for sickle cell anemia, there is 50-50 chance that the off-spring will have the
disease. If one parent was able to
asexually reproduce, then all the offspring would have the trait, but never
have the disease.
20. Scientists have
successfully cloned several organisms.
Is this creating life?
Cloning is not creating life.
The cell that was used to make the animal was already living; hence,
what scientists are doing are simulating a cell to do what God already designed
it to do. Science has it
limitations. It can only take what God
did and try to imitate it.
http://www.time.com/time/newsfiles/cloning
21. Is Dolly an exact
replica of her “mother?”
No. Dolly’s life was cut
short because science was not able to reproduce the exact genetic sequence to
give Dolly a long health life.
22. The discovery of
http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/SolarSystemT.html
http://redwagontutorials.com/HandoutsB/Module01/Figure1.3.htm
a. What was the observation that started the use of the
scientific method in this instance?
Scientists had noticed that the planet Uranus did not orbit around
the sun exactly as
b. What was the hypothesis?
French scientist Urbain Jean Joseph Leverrier assumed that this was because a previously
undiscovered planet was interfering with Uranus’ movement. He made some calculations using
c. What was the experiment to confirm the hypothesis?
German scientist Johann Gottfried Galle used a telescope to look in
the sky at the position that Leverrier predicted, and
he saw the planet on the very first night of the search!
d. At the end of the story as written here, was the
presence of
Theory.
More observations are needed to find out if
23. In terms of the
scientific method, where is the idea of evolution?
Evolution is still a theory because its assumption of
macroevolution as fact has not been proven.
24. What lessons can we draw
from the story of spontaneous generation?
Even though a scientific law seems to be supported by hundreds of
years of experiments, it might very well still be wrong because the original
experiments might be flawed.
Scientific laws are not 100% reliable.
25. Does the current version
of spontaneous generation have experimental evidence?
No. To date, no scientist
has taken chemicals and created a living organism.